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Los colibríes son fascinantes no solo por ser las aves más pequeñas del mundo, sino también por sus extraordinarias capacidades.

Capaces de volar en todas direcciones, incluidos movimientos hacia atrás y boca abajo, sus habilidades de vuelo son únicas en el reino animal.

Su pequeño tamaño se ve compensado por un potente metabolismo que les permite realizar proezas asombrosas, pero que también impone grandes demandas energéticas.

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Capacidad de Vuelo Extraordinaria

El vuelo de los colibríes es una de sus habilidades más destacadas.

A diferencia de otras aves, estos pequeños maestros del aire pueden flotar en el mismo lugar, desplazarse en todas direcciones e incluso volar de espaldas.

Esta capacidad requiere un músculo de vuelo adaptado y extremadamente eficiente, junto con un sistema cardiovascular poderoso para mantener el esfuerzo constante del aleteo rápido.

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Metabolismo al Límite

Imagen De Un Colibrí

Vivir al límite de sus capacidades metabólicas es una de las mayores hazañas de los colibríes.

Su metabolismo es el más alto entre las aves, e incluso entre todos los vértebras en términos de consumo energético por unidad de tiempo.

Esto les permite convertir el néctar que consumen rápidamente en energía, necesaria para sus demandas de vuelo continuo y sus rápidas e intensas maniobras.

Adaptaciones Únicas

Para sostener tal estilo de vida, los colibríes han desarrollado varias adaptaciones especiales:

  • 🐦‍⬛Alta tasa de absorción de azúcar: Poseen intestinos permeables que permiten la rápida absorción de azúcares directamente en el torrente sanguíneo, lo cual es esencial para mantener sus niveles de energía.
  • 🐦‍⬛Torpor nocturno: Capaces de entrar en un estado de torpor, pueden reducir significativamente su temperatura corporal y su metabolismo por la noche, conservando así la energía crucial para la supervivencia.
  • 🐦‍⬛Migraciones largas: Algunas especies son capaces de realizar migraciones de hasta 8,000 kilómetros, adaptándose a diferentes altitudes y condiciones climáticas a lo largo del viaje.

Los colibríes son, sin duda, un ejemplo insuperable de adaptación extrema.

Sus singulares capacidades les han permitido conquistar hábitats y climas diversos, desde el nivel del mar hasta las alturas de los Andes.

Este equilibrio delicado entre consumo y conservación de energía continúa siendo objeto de fascinación y estudio, desvelando misterios que podrían tener aplicaciones incluso para la salud humana.

Su capacidad para adaptarse a entornos extremos y su ingenioso manejo de los recursos energéticos revela apenas una parte de su asombroso mundo.

Adaptación a las Grandes Alturas

Los Colibríes y los Andes

¿Sabías que algunos colibríes viven a alturas asombrosas de más de 4,000 metros en los Andes? Este entorno extremo de aire menos denso y bajo en oxígeno presenta desafíos únicos.

Mientras que la vida a nivel del mar ya requiere un elevado coste metabólico, estas aves logran prosperar en altitudes altas gracias a una serie de adaptaciones impresionantes.

Sangre Rica en Hemoglobina

Una de las adaptaciones más cruciales que desarrollan los colibríes es una sangre más rica en hemoglobina.

Este aumento en la capacidad de transporte de oxígeno les permite compensar la baja densidad de aire y la disminución del oxígeno disponible a estas altitudes extremas.

Es similar a cómo los alpinistas humanos se aclimatan para sobrevivir en el Everest, pero en el caso de los colibríes, esta capacidad es innata y asombrosamente eficiente.

Migraciones Increíbles

Además de sus habilidades para sobrevivir a grandes alturas, algunos colibríes realizan migraciones que abarcan hasta 8,000 kilómetros.

Estas migraciones implican atravesar múltiples altitudes, desde el nivel del mar hasta las cumbres más altas.

La adaptación se produce gradualmente, haciendo escalas y descansos para aclimatarse, lo cual es comparable con las paradas que los alpinistas humanos hacen en su ascenso a montañas altas.

Enfrentando Condiciones Extremas

Vivir en alturas extremas no solo implica adaptarse a la falta de oxígeno.

Los colibríes también necesitan enfrentarse a temperaturas frías y menores fuentes de alimento.

Para manejar estas condiciones, los colibríes gigantes de los Andes deben optimizar cada aspecto de su fisiología, desde la circulación hasta la alimentación eficiente en ambientes con baja oferta energética.

Energía y Supervivencia

La capacidad de las aves para realizar migraciones largas y vivir en altitudes extremas resalta su increíble eficiencia energética.

Como si no fuera suficiente con su exigente metabolismo a nivel del mar, al enfrentar las condiciones extremas de los Andes, los colibríes demuestran la adaptabilidad única y sorprendente que poseen.

Esta sorprendente capacidad de adaptación es solo una de las muchas facetas fascinantes del estilo de vida extremo de los colibríes.

Sus habilidades no terminan aquí, y en los próximos capítulos podemos explorar más acerca de cómo gestionan la energía mediante el estado de torpor nocturno y otras proezas metabólicas.

Gestión Energética y Torpor

Los colibríes son maestros en la gestión de su energía, especialmente durante las noches frías.

Uno de sus trucos más impresionantes es entrar en un estado de torpor nocturno, una especie de animación suspendida.

En este estado, reducen su temperatura corporal hasta casi el punto de congelación, minimizando su actividad metabólica para ahorrar hasta un 95% de energía.

Este ahorro energético es crucial después de días en los que no han podido alimentarse adecuadamente, como suele ocurrir después de una tormenta.

Reducción de la Temperatura Corporal

Durante el torpor, el colibrí parece casi comatoso y responde muy lentamente a los estímulos.

Su respiración se vuelve intermitente y su temperatura corporal desciende drásticamente.

Este mecanismo les permite sobrevivir en ambientes con recursos alimenticios limitados, ya que disminuyen considerablemente los costos metabólicos por hora.

Esta estrategia es especialmente útil antes de largos viajes migratorios, permitiéndoles acumular energía suficiente para el vuelo.

Despertar Anticipado

A medida que la noche avanza y se acerca el amanecer, los colibríes inician un proceso de despertar una hora antes de que salga el sol, debido a su reloj interno.

Es fundamental que se preparen adecuadamente para el día que empieza, lo que les permite comenzar sus actividades con la primera luz del día.

Durante esta hora, su metabolismo va aumentando gradualmente, y su temperatura corporal vuelve a los niveles normales, listos para empezar a buscar néctar y reponer sus reservas de energía.

Adaptación Metabólica

El torpor no solo les ayuda a ahorrar energía, sino que también requiere cambios profundos en su metabolismo.

Durante el estado de torpor, los colibríes pasan de quemar azúcar a quemar grasa, lo cual es un cambio significativo en las vías bioquímicas implicadas.

Este ajuste ocurre en cuestión de minutos, algo muy superior a lo que pueden hacer otros organismos, incluidos los humanos.

Continuando con el increíble funcionamiento de estos diminutos seres, otra fascinante adaptación es su habilidad para manejar una dieta extremadamente alta en azúcar sin desarrollar diabetes, y cómo sus intestinos están especialmente adaptados para la rápida absorción de azúcar.

Metabolismo del Azúcar

Los colibríes son conocidos por su dieta casi exclusivamente a base de azúcar, especialmente néctar, lo que conlleva desafíos metabólicos únicos.

Este consumo constante de azúcar no les genera las complicaciones que se observarían en los humanos. Pero, ¿cómo logran esto?

Consumo Elevado de Azúcar

Para alimentar su altísimo metabolismo, los colibríes ingieren diariamente alrededor del 80% de su peso corporal en néctar, una cantidad de azúcar que dejaría a un humano en coma.

Sin embargo, su organismo ha desarrollado adaptaciones específicas que previenen el desarrollo de diabetes y otros problemas asociados con el alto consumo de azúcar.

Adaptaciones Fisiológicas

Una de las adaptaciones clave es su intestino. A diferencia del intestino humano, incapaz de absorber el azúcar rápidamente, los colibríes poseen intestinos permeables.

Esta característica permite que los azúcares entren en el torrente sanguíneo entre las células intestinales en lugar de solo a través de ellas.

Este proceso permite una rápida absorción del azúcar, evitando perturbaciones digestivas.

  • 🐦‍⬛Absorción Rápida: Los azúcares son absorbidos casi instantáneamente, lo que impide que causen trastornos en el sistema digestivo.
  • 🐦‍⬛Provisión Eficiente de Energía: Este mecanismo asegura que la energía esté disponible rápidamente para sustentar su vuelo enérgico y sus actividades diarias.

Cambios Metabólicos Rápidos

Otra capacidad fascinante de los colibríes es su habilidad para cambiar rápidamente entre quemar azúcar y grasa.

Por la noche, cuando las reservas de azúcar están casi agotadas, deben recurrir a la grasa como fuente de energía.

Este cambio necesita un ajuste masivo en sus vías bioquímicas y ocurre en tan solo minutos, mucho más rápido de lo que otros organismos pueden realizarlo.

  • 🐦‍⬛Quema de Grasa: Justo al final de su ayuno nocturno, los colibríes cambian su metabolismo para quemar grasa, una transformación esencial para sobrevivir hasta el primer abastecimiento de néctar al amanecer.
  • 🐦‍⬛Control Metabólico Excepcional: Este control preciso y rápido sobre la utilización de diferentes fuentes de combustible es único y esencial para su supervivencia.

Glicación y Proteínas

A pesar de sus altos niveles de azúcar en la sangre, los colibríes no experimentan los problemas fisiológicos que afectan a los humanos, como la glicación, que daña las proteínas corporales a largo plazo.

Aunque el mecanismo exacto aún no se comprende por completo, se sugiere que las proteínas de los colibríes pueden ser menos susceptibles a la exposición de azúcares circulantes.

Transición

Estas adaptaciones metabólicas impresionantes no se limitan a la gestión del azúcar.

Los colibríes también muestran habilidades extraordinarias en cuanto a la conservación del agua y los electrolitos, lo que les permite mantenerse hidratados y equilibrados incluso en condiciones exigentes.

Manejo del Agua y Electrolitos

Adaptaciones para Conservar Electrolitos Cruciales

Los colibríes enfrentan retos únicos debido a su dieta rica en néctar, que es principalmente agua.

Para sobrevivir, han desarrollado riñones altamente adaptados que les permiten recapturar electrolitos esenciales antes de excretarlos.

Durante el día, estos pequeños pájaros producen orina que se asemeja mucho al agua destilada, expeliendo casi exclusivamente agua para deshacerse del exceso de líquidos.

Esto evita que pierdan minerales y electrolitos vitales que son esenciales para su funcionamiento metabólico extremo.

Estrategia Nocturna para Prevenir la Deshidratación

Durante la noche, los colibríes adoptan una estrategia aún más fascinante.

Si continuaran produciendo este tipo de orina altamente diluida durante la noche, se enfrentarían a una deshidratación mortal antes del amanecer.

Para evitarlo, reducen significativamente la producción de orina.

En términos humanos, esto se parecería a una “insuficiencia renal aguda”.

Este mecanismo es vital para su supervivencia, ya que permite a los colibríes superar la noche sin perder cantidades peligrosas de agua.

Estas increíbles adaptaciones en la gestión del agua y los electrolitos permiten a los colibríes prosperar en condiciones que serían extremas o letales para muchas otras especies.

Siguen sorprendiendo a los científicos con su habilidad para equilibrar sus necesidades hídricas y energéticas.

A medida que entendemos más sobre estas adaptaciones únicas, podemos vislumbrar nuevos enfoques para resolver problemas médicos humanos.

Las estrategias de los colibríes para manejar fluidos y electrolitos, junto con otras adaptaciones metabólicas, demuestran su extraordinaria capacidad para vivir en el filo de la navaja.

Autor

  • Eduarda Moura es licenciada en Periodismo por la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais y tiene un posgrado en Medios Digitales. Con experiencia como redactora, Eduarda se dedica a investigar y producir contenidos para Newwhorizons, proporcionando a los lectores información clara y precisa.

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class="inner"> <article id="post-229" class="post-229 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-noticias"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-lg-8 "> <div class="section section-featured js-section-featured"> <div class="card card-featured card-top m-0"> <div class="card-body"> <h1 class="card-title">Secretos asombrosos: cómo los colibríes sobreviven con un metabolismo extraordinario</h1> <div class="card-text">Introducción a las Hazañas Metabólicas</div> <div class="card-author"><p>Por: <b>Eduarda Moura</b> Publicado en: January 3, 2024 <!-- <a href="https://newwhorizons.com/category/noticias/" title="Noticias">Noticias</a>--> <strong>Última actualización el:</strong> January 4, 2025</p></div> </div> <div class="card-preview mt-8"> <img class="card-pic" src="https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Noticias-Los-cientificos-1_11zon.webp" alt="Main" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section section-content"> <div class="center"> <div class="content"> <div class='code-block code-block-2' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <div id="av_top_wrapper" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; min-height: 400px;"> <div> <p style="font-size: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center;"> Anúncios </p> <div id="av_top"> </div> </div> </div></div> <p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Los colibríes son fascinantes no solo por ser las aves más pequeñas del mundo, sino también por sus extraordinarias capacidades.</p> <p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Capaces de volar en todas direcciones, incluidos movimientos hacia atrás y boca abajo, sus habilidades de vuelo son únicas en el reino animal.</p> <p data-pm-slice="1 1 []">Su pequeño tamaño se ve compensado por un potente metabolismo que les permite realizar proezas asombrosas, pero que también impone grandes demandas energéticas.</p><div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <div id="av_content_1_wrapper" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; min-height: 400px;"> <div> <p style="font-size: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center;"> Anúncios </p> <div id="av_content_1"> </div> </div> </div></div> <h2>Capacidad de Vuelo Extraordinaria</h2> <p>El vuelo de los colibríes es una de sus habilidades más destacadas.</p> <p>A diferencia de otras aves, estos pequeños maestros del aire pueden flotar en el mismo lugar, desplazarse en todas direcciones e incluso volar de espaldas.</p> <p>Esta capacidad requiere un músculo de vuelo adaptado y extremadamente eficiente, junto con un sistema cardiovascular poderoso para mantener el esfuerzo constante del aleteo rápido.</p><div class='code-block code-block-4' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <div id="av_content_2_wrapper" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; min-height: 400px;"> <div> <p style="font-size: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center;"> Anúncios </p> <div id="av_content_2"> </div> </div> </div></div> <h2>Metabolismo al Límite</h2> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-231 aligncenter" src="https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-300x198.jpg" alt="" width="563" height="372" srcset="https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-300x198.jpg 300w, https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-768x506.jpg 768w, https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-1536x1012.jpg 1536w, https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-2048x1350.jpg 2048w, https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/pexels-pixabay-349758-360x237.jpg 360w" sizes="(max-width: 563px) 100vw, 563px" /><em>Imagen De Un Colibrí</em></h4> <p>Vivir al límite de sus capacidades metabólicas es una de las mayores hazañas de los colibríes.</p> <p>Su metabolismo es el más alto entre las aves, e incluso entre todos los vértebras en términos de consumo energético por unidad de tiempo.</p> <p>Esto les permite convertir el néctar que consumen rápidamente en energía, necesaria para sus demandas de vuelo continuo y sus rápidas e intensas maniobras.</p> <h3><strong>Adaptaciones Únicas</strong></h3> <p>Para sostener tal estilo de vida, los colibríes han desarrollado varias adaptaciones especiales:</p> <ul> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Alta tasa de absorción de azúcar:</strong> Poseen intestinos permeables que permiten la rápida absorción de azúcares directamente en el torrente sanguíneo, lo cual es esencial para mantener sus niveles de energía.</li> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Torpor nocturno:</strong> Capaces de entrar en un estado de torpor, pueden reducir significativamente su temperatura corporal y su metabolismo por la noche, conservando así la energía crucial para la supervivencia.</li> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Migraciones largas:</strong> Algunas especies son capaces de realizar migraciones de hasta 8,000 kilómetros, adaptándose a diferentes altitudes y condiciones climáticas a lo largo del viaje.</li> </ul> <p>Los colibríes son, sin duda, un ejemplo insuperable de adaptación extrema.</p> <p>Sus singulares capacidades les han permitido conquistar hábitats y climas diversos, desde el nivel del mar hasta las alturas de los Andes.</p> <p>Este equilibrio delicado entre consumo y conservación de energía continúa siendo objeto de fascinación y estudio, desvelando misterios que podrían tener aplicaciones incluso para la salud humana.</p> <p>Su capacidad para adaptarse a entornos extremos y su ingenioso manejo de los recursos energéticos revela apenas una parte de su asombroso mundo.</p> <h2>Adaptación a las Grandes Alturas</h2> <h3><strong>Los Colibríes y los Andes</strong></h3> <p>¿Sabías que algunos colibríes viven a alturas asombrosas de más de 4,000 metros en los Andes? Este entorno extremo de aire menos denso y bajo en oxígeno presenta desafíos únicos.</p> <p>Mientras que la vida a nivel del mar ya requiere un elevado coste metabólico, estas aves logran prosperar en altitudes altas gracias a una serie de adaptaciones impresionantes.</p> <h3><strong>Sangre Rica en Hemoglobina</strong></h3> <p>Una de las adaptaciones más cruciales que desarrollan los colibríes es una sangre más rica en hemoglobina.</p> <p>Este aumento en la capacidad de transporte de oxígeno les permite compensar la baja densidad de aire y la disminución del oxígeno disponible a estas altitudes extremas.</p> <p>Es similar a cómo los alpinistas humanos se aclimatan para sobrevivir en el Everest, pero en el caso de los colibríes, esta capacidad es innata y asombrosamente eficiente.</p> <h3><strong>Migraciones Increíbles</strong></h3> <p>Además de sus habilidades para sobrevivir a grandes alturas, algunos colibríes realizan migraciones que abarcan hasta 8,000 kilómetros.</p> <p>Estas migraciones implican atravesar múltiples altitudes, desde el nivel del mar hasta las cumbres más altas.</p> <p>La adaptación se produce gradualmente, haciendo escalas y descansos para aclimatarse, lo cual es comparable con las paradas que los alpinistas humanos hacen en su ascenso a montañas altas.</p> <h3><strong>Enfrentando Condiciones Extremas</strong></h3> <p>Vivir en alturas extremas no solo implica adaptarse a la falta de oxígeno.</p> <p>Los colibríes también necesitan enfrentarse a temperaturas frías y menores fuentes de alimento.</p> <p>Para manejar estas condiciones, los colibríes gigantes de los Andes deben optimizar cada aspecto de su fisiología, desde la circulación hasta la alimentación eficiente en ambientes con baja oferta energética.</p> <h3><strong>Energía y Supervivencia</strong></h3> <p>La capacidad de las aves para realizar migraciones largas y vivir en altitudes extremas resalta su increíble eficiencia energética.</p> <p>Como si no fuera suficiente con su exigente metabolismo a nivel del mar, al enfrentar las condiciones extremas de los Andes, los colibríes demuestran la adaptabilidad única y sorprendente que poseen.</p> <p>Esta sorprendente capacidad de adaptación es solo una de las muchas facetas fascinantes del estilo de vida extremo de los colibríes.</p> <p>Sus habilidades no terminan aquí, y en los próximos capítulos podemos explorar más acerca de cómo gestionan la energía mediante el estado de torpor nocturno y otras proezas metabólicas.</p> <h2>Gestión Energética y Torpor</h2> <p>Los colibríes son maestros en la gestión de su energía, especialmente durante las noches frías.</p> <p>Uno de sus trucos más impresionantes es entrar en un estado de torpor nocturno, una especie de animación suspendida.</p> <p>En este estado, reducen su temperatura corporal hasta casi el punto de congelación, minimizando su actividad metabólica para ahorrar hasta un 95% de energía.</p> <p>Este ahorro energético es crucial después de días en los que no han podido alimentarse adecuadamente, como suele ocurrir después de una tormenta.</p> <h3><strong>Reducción de la Temperatura Corporal</strong></h3> <p>Durante el torpor, el colibrí parece casi comatoso y responde muy lentamente a los estímulos.</p> <p>Su respiración se vuelve intermitente y su temperatura corporal desciende drásticamente.</p> <p>Este mecanismo les permite sobrevivir en ambientes con recursos alimenticios limitados, ya que disminuyen considerablemente los costos metabólicos por hora.</p> <p>Esta estrategia es especialmente útil antes de largos viajes migratorios, permitiéndoles acumular energía suficiente para el vuelo.</p> <h3><strong>Despertar Anticipado</strong></h3> <p>A medida que la noche avanza y se acerca el amanecer, los colibríes inician un proceso de despertar una hora antes de que salga el sol, debido a su reloj interno.</p> <p>Es fundamental que se preparen adecuadamente para el día que empieza, lo que les permite comenzar sus actividades con la primera luz del día.</p> <p>Durante esta hora, su metabolismo va aumentando gradualmente, y su temperatura corporal vuelve a los niveles normales, listos para empezar a buscar néctar y reponer sus reservas de energía.</p> <h3><strong>Adaptación Metabólica</strong></h3> <p>El torpor no solo les ayuda a ahorrar energía, sino que también requiere cambios profundos en su metabolismo.</p> <p>Durante el estado de torpor, los colibríes pasan de quemar azúcar a quemar grasa, lo cual es un cambio significativo en las vías bioquímicas implicadas.</p> <p>Este ajuste ocurre en cuestión de minutos, algo muy superior a lo que pueden hacer otros organismos, incluidos los humanos.</p> <p>Continuando con el increíble funcionamiento de estos diminutos seres, otra fascinante adaptación es su habilidad para manejar una dieta extremadamente alta en azúcar sin desarrollar diabetes, y cómo sus intestinos están especialmente adaptados para la rápida absorción de azúcar.</p> <h2>Metabolismo del Azúcar</h2> <p>Los colibríes son conocidos por su dieta casi exclusivamente a base de azúcar, especialmente néctar, lo que conlleva desafíos metabólicos únicos.</p> <p>Este consumo constante de azúcar no les genera las complicaciones que se observarían en los humanos. Pero, ¿cómo logran esto?</p> <h3><strong>Consumo Elevado de Azúcar</strong></h3> <p>Para alimentar su altísimo metabolismo, los colibríes ingieren diariamente alrededor del 80% de su peso corporal en néctar, una cantidad de azúcar que dejaría a un humano en coma.</p> <p>Sin embargo, su organismo ha desarrollado adaptaciones específicas que previenen el desarrollo de diabetes y otros problemas asociados con el alto consumo de azúcar.</p> <h3><strong>Adaptaciones Fisiológicas</strong></h3> <p>Una de las adaptaciones clave es su intestino. A diferencia del intestino humano, incapaz de absorber el azúcar rápidamente, los colibríes poseen intestinos permeables.</p> <p>Esta característica permite que los azúcares entren en el torrente sanguíneo entre las células intestinales en lugar de solo a través de ellas.</p> <p>Este proceso permite una rápida absorción del azúcar, evitando perturbaciones digestivas.</p> <ul> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Absorción Rápida:</strong> Los azúcares son absorbidos casi instantáneamente, lo que impide que causen trastornos en el sistema digestivo.</li> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Provisión Eficiente de Energía:</strong> Este mecanismo asegura que la energía esté disponible rápidamente para sustentar su vuelo enérgico y sus actividades diarias.</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Cambios Metabólicos Rápidos</strong></h3> <p>Otra capacidad fascinante de los colibríes es su habilidad para cambiar rápidamente entre quemar azúcar y grasa.</p> <p>Por la noche, cuando las reservas de azúcar están casi agotadas, deben recurrir a la grasa como fuente de energía.</p> <p>Este cambio necesita un ajuste masivo en sus vías bioquímicas y ocurre en tan solo minutos, mucho más rápido de lo que otros organismos pueden realizarlo.</p> <ul> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Quema de Grasa:</strong> Justo al final de su ayuno nocturno, los colibríes cambian su metabolismo para quemar grasa, una transformación esencial para sobrevivir hasta el primer abastecimiento de néctar al amanecer.</li> <li><strong>🐦‍⬛Control Metabólico Excepcional:</strong> Este control preciso y rápido sobre la utilización de diferentes fuentes de combustible es único y esencial para su supervivencia.</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Glicación y Proteínas</strong></h3> <p>A pesar de sus altos niveles de azúcar en la sangre, los colibríes no experimentan los problemas fisiológicos que afectan a los humanos, como la glicación, que daña las proteínas corporales a largo plazo.</p> <p>Aunque el mecanismo exacto aún no se comprende por completo, se sugiere que las proteínas de los colibríes pueden ser menos susceptibles a la exposición de azúcares circulantes.</p> <h3><strong>Transición</strong></h3> <p>Estas adaptaciones metabólicas impresionantes no se limitan a la gestión del azúcar.</p> <p>Los colibríes también muestran habilidades extraordinarias en cuanto a la conservación del agua y los electrolitos, lo que les permite mantenerse hidratados y equilibrados incluso en condiciones exigentes.</p> <h2>Manejo del Agua y Electrolitos</h2> <h3><strong>Adaptaciones para Conservar Electrolitos Cruciales</strong></h3> <p>Los colibríes enfrentan retos únicos debido a su dieta rica en néctar, que es principalmente agua.</p> <p>Para sobrevivir, han desarrollado riñones altamente adaptados que les permiten recapturar electrolitos esenciales antes de excretarlos.</p> <p>Durante el día, estos pequeños pájaros producen orina que se asemeja mucho al agua destilada, expeliendo casi exclusivamente agua para deshacerse del exceso de líquidos.</p> <p>Esto evita que pierdan minerales y electrolitos vitales que son esenciales para su funcionamiento metabólico extremo.</p> <h3><strong>Estrategia Nocturna para Prevenir la Deshidratación</strong></h3> <p>Durante la noche, los colibríes adoptan una estrategia aún más fascinante.</p> <p>Si continuaran produciendo este tipo de orina altamente diluida durante la noche, se enfrentarían a una deshidratación mortal antes del amanecer.</p> <p>Para evitarlo, reducen significativamente la producción de orina.</p> <p>En términos humanos, esto se parecería a una &#8220;insuficiencia renal aguda&#8221;.</p> <p>Este mecanismo es vital para su supervivencia, ya que permite a los colibríes superar la noche sin perder cantidades peligrosas de agua.</p> <p>Estas increíbles adaptaciones en la gestión del agua y los electrolitos permiten a los colibríes prosperar en condiciones que serían extremas o letales para muchas otras especies.</p> <p>Siguen sorprendiendo a los científicos con su habilidad para equilibrar sus necesidades hídricas y energéticas.</p> <p>A medida que entendemos más sobre estas adaptaciones únicas, podemos vislumbrar nuevos enfoques para resolver problemas médicos humanos.</p> <p>Las estrategias de los colibríes para manejar fluidos y electrolitos, junto con otras adaptaciones metabólicas, demuestran su extraordinaria capacidad para vivir en el filo de la navaja.</p> <!--begin code --> <div class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-boxed multiple-authors-target-the-content box-post-id-317 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_317" data-post_id="317" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-boxed.multiple-authors-target-the-content" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-317 box-instance-id-1"> <h2 class="widget-title box-header-title">Autor</h2> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <div class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group 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]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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([E|M]10|M8))\\b|Maxwell.*Lite|Maxwell.*Plus",HuaweiTablet:"MediaPad|MediaPad 7 Youth|IDEOS S7|S7-201c|S7-202u|S7-101|S7-103|S7-104|S7-105|S7-106|S7-201|S7-Slim|M2-A01L|BAH-L09|BAH-W09|AGS-L09|CMR-AL19",NecTablet:"\\bN-06D|\\bN-08D",PantechTablet:"Pantech.*P4100",BronchoTablet:"Broncho.*(N701|N708|N802|a710)",VersusTablet:"TOUCHPAD.*[78910]|\\bTOUCHTAB\\b",ZyncTablet:"z1000|Z99 2G|z930|z990|z909|Z919|z900",PositivoTablet:"TB07STA|TB10STA|TB07FTA|TB10FTA",NabiTablet:"Android.*\\bNabi",KoboTablet:"Kobo Touch|\\bK080\\b|\\bVox\\b Build|\\bArc\\b 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 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\\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW 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Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i, shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i,tabletPattern:/android|ipad|playbook|silk/i};var h,i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;return g.FALLBACK_PHONE="UnknownPhone",g.FALLBACK_TABLET="UnknownTablet",g.FALLBACK_MOBILE="UnknownMobile",h="isArray"in Array?Array.isArray:function(a){return"[object Array]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(a)},function(){var a,b,c,e,f,j,k=g.mobileDetectRules;for(a in k.props)if(i.call(k.props,a)){for(b=k.props[a],h(b)||(b=[b]),f=b.length,e=0;e<f;++e)c=b[e],j=c.indexOf("[VER]"),j>=0&&(c=c.substring(0,j)+"([\\w._\\+]+)"+c.substring(j+5)),b[e]=new RegExp(c,"i");k.props[a]=b}d(k.oss),d(k.phones),d(k.tablets),d(k.uas),d(k.utils),k.oss0={WindowsPhoneOS:k.oss.WindowsPhoneOS,WindowsMobileOS:k.oss.WindowsMobileOS}}(),g.findMatch=function(a,b){for(var c in a)if(i.call(a,c)&&a[c].test(b))return c;return null},g.findMatches=function(a,b){var c=[];for(var d in a)i.call(a,d)&&a[d].test(b)&&c.push(d);return c},g.getVersionStr=function(a,b){var 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