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Sonidos, tacto, señales visuales e incluso químicas son las diversas formas empleadas por los animales para comunicarse. Sin embargo, la evolución todavía no les ha regalado un lenguaje simbólico complejo, algo que la Real Academia Española define como la “facultad del ser humano de expresarse y comunicarse con los demás a través del sonido articulado o de otros sistemas de signos.” Tener lenguaje implica tener capacidad simbólica y de pensamiento, un elemento que tradicionalmente ha servido a los humanos para distinguirse del resto de los animales. No obstante, este paradigma podría estar cambiando.

Un estudio publicado recientemente en la revista Nature Ecology & Evolution y dirigido por la Universidad de Colorado (EEUU), sugiere que los elefantes africanos salvajes son capaces de llamarse unos a otros como si tuvieran nombres propios. Este descubrimiento, de ser corroborado por futuras investigaciones, abriría la puerta a una nueva comprensión de las habilidades comunicativas de los animales y desafiaría la idea de que el lenguaje complejo es exclusivo de los humanos.

Un Descubrimiento Revolucionario

Hasta la fecha, nunca se había constatado que alguna especie no humana fuera capaz de emitir sonidos personificados para el destinatario. Sin embargo, si la inteligencia artificial no se ha equivocado, podría ser que los elefantes africanos—bajo amenaza de extinción—tengan nombres propios que desconocíamos. “Este hallazgo sugiere que el uso de etiquetas vocales arbitrarias podría estar presente en otras especies, desafiando la idea de que el lenguaje complejo sea exclusivo de los humanos,” señala Miquel Llorente, director del Máster en Primatología en la Universidad de Girona, en declaraciones al Science Media Centre (SMC).

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Dado que los humanos no pueden entender directamente otras formas de comunicación del reino animal, los investigadores de este estudio se valieron del machine learning o aprendizaje automático, una rama de la inteligencia artificial que permite a las máquinas aprender de datos e identificar patrones. Michael Pardo, el investigador principal del estudio, y el resto del equipo, utilizaron este método para analizar 469 grabaciones hechas entre 1986 y 2022 en el Parque Nacional Amboseli y las Reservas Nacionales de Samburu y Buffalo Springs en Kenia.

En dichas grabaciones, se podían escuchar las llamadas o “retumbos” realizados por grupos de hembras y crías de elefante africano. Estos retumbos, que son pisotones en el suelo de baja frecuencia, podrían equivaler a nombres propios. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios: el machine learning pudo identificar a los destinatarios del 27.5% de las llamadas. Según sus autores, este porcentaje sugiere que los elefantes pueden comunicarse entre sí mediante diferentes clases de sonidos, destacando especialmente los “retumbos”.

Confirmación a través del Comportamiento

Además de identificar las llamadas, los investigadores querían comprobar si los elefantes respondían específicamente a estos sonidos. Para ello, utilizaron grandes altavoces con los que reprodujeron las grabaciones en presencia de estos mamíferos. Compararon las reacciones de 17 elefantes y verificaron que eran capaces de reconocer las llamadas individuales que se les dirigían, mostrando comportamientos específicos hacia ellas.

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Sin embargo, otras voces expertas son cautelosas y sostienen que los datos de esta investigación no bastan para afirmar que los elefantes tienen una capacidad comunicativa mínimamente comparable a la humana. “Lo que realmente presentan los resultados es alguna evidencia de que el emisor—elefante—utilizó una variante de llamada similar a la del receptor. Es decir, imitación,” apunta Kurt Hammerschmidt, especialista en comunicación vocal del Centro Alemán de Estudios sobre Primates en Gotinga, en declaraciones al SMC.

Entre la Imitación y la Innovación

Lo que este experto sugiere es que los elefantes africanos podrían estar utilizando un lenguaje basado en la imitación, similar al observado en otras especies como los loros y los delfines. Estas especies son conocidas por copiar los sonidos que hacen normalmente los destinatarios de su misma especie para llamar su atención. Aunque esta capacidad de imitación es impresionante, no se compara directamente con el lenguaje simbólico humano.

Una cosa parece clara: hay un largo camino por recorrer para entender el lenguaje animal. “Sabemos muy poco de la comunicación en animales y esto se debe en parte a que no somos sensibles a las múltiples sutilezas que las vocalizaciones de otras especies pueden contener,” señala Antonio J. Osuna, investigador especialista en cognición animal de la Universidad de Medicina Veterinaria de Austria.

La constatación de que los elefantes pueden usar etiquetas vocales para comunicarse ofrece muchas oportunidades para profundizar en el estudio de la evolución de la cultura, el lenguaje y el comportamiento social. Según Osuna, que los elefantes usen nombres propios de la forma más cercana a como lo hacemos nosotros, podría abrir todo un campo de investigación en el que queda mucho por aprender.

El Papel de la Inteligencia Artificial

La habilidad de la inteligencia artificial para identificar estos patrones complejos en la comunicación animal no debe subestimarse. El machine learning y otras tecnologías avanzadas están revolucionando la biología y la zoología, permitiendo descubrimientos que antes eran impensables o requerían años de observación meticulosa. En este contexto, la inteligencia artificial se convierte en una herramienta esencial para descifrar los matices de la comunicación animal y podría tener implicaciones en numerosos campos de estudio, desde la ecología hasta la antropología.

Por ejemplo, el uso de tecnologías avanzadas para analizar vocalizaciones animales no solo nos ayuda a entender sus comunicaciones, sino que también podría ofrecer pistas sobre la conservación de especies en peligro. Al comprender mejor cómo los elefantes se comunican, los científicos pueden desarrollar estrategias de conservación más efectivas que tengan en cuenta sus necesidades sociales y emocionales.

Futuras Direcciones en la Investigación

La aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en el estudio de la comunicación animal abre nuevas posibilidades para la investigación futura. Si bien los resultados actuales son prometedores, es esencial que se realicen estudios adicionales para confirmar y expandir estos hallazgos. Esto podría incluir la recopilación de más datos de diferentes poblaciones de elefantes y la aplicación de algoritmos de machine learning más avanzados para aumentar la precisión de la identificación de llamadas.

Además, sería valioso llevar a cabo estudios comparativos con otras especies conocidas por sus habilidades de comunicación avanzadas. Esto no solo ayudaría a validar los métodos utilizados, sino que también podría proporcionar una visión más amplia de cómo el lenguaje y la comunicación han evolucionado en el reino animal.

Implicaciones para la Conservación

El entendimiento de la comunicación elefantina tiene implicaciones significativas para su conservación. Los elefantes africanos están bajo amenaza de extinción debido a la caza furtiva y la pérdida de hábitat. Al comprender mejor sus interacciones sociales y comunicativas,los esfuerzos de conservación pueden adaptarse para proteger no solo a los individuos, sino también las estructuras sociales complejas de las manadas. Por ejemplo, las estrategias de reubicación de elefantes, que a veces son necesarias para reducir los conflictos humanos-fauna, podrían considerar más cuidadosamente las relaciones sociales y las dinámicas de grupo de los animales reubicados.

Educar y Sensibilizar al Público

La comprensión de la inteligencia y las habilidades de comunicación de los elefantes puede utilizarse para educar al público y sensibilizar sobre la importancia de su conservación. Documentales, artículos de divulgación científica y programas educativos pueden mostrar cómo los elefantes poseen una sofisticada red de comunicación, similar en algunos aspectos al lenguaje humano, lo cual puede aumentar el apoyo a los esfuerzos de conservación.

La Evolución de la Comunicación Animal

Este estudio también nos invita a reflexionar sobre cómo podría haber evolucionado la comunicación compleja en otras especies. La presencia de lo que podría ser un sistema de nombres propios entre los elefantes sugiere que las capacidades de comunicación avanzada pueden no ser exclusivas de los humanos y podrían haber evolucionado en paralelo en otras especies. Esto nos lleva a reevaluar la inteligencia animal y nos recuerda que los humanos no somos los únicos que poseemos habilidades cognitivas complejas.

Además, la investigación sobre la comunicación animal y el uso de la inteligencia artificial podría inspirar nuevos enfoques en el estudio de la evolución del lenguaje humano. Al comparar y contrastar las formas de comunicación encontradas en otras especies con las nuestras, podemos entender mejor las características únicas y compartidas de nuestro propio lenguaje.

La Ética de la Investigación Animal

Con el poder creciente de la inteligencia artificial y el aprendizaje automático, surge también la cuestión ética sobre el uso de estas tecnologías en la investigación animal. Es vital asegurar que estos estudios se llevan a cabo de manera responsable y que los animales no son sometidos a estrés innecesario. También, los datos y hallazgos deben ser tratados con respeto, reconociendo la complejidad y la importancia de las vidas animales.

Por último, el papel de la inteligencia artificial en la investigación animal nos recuerda la importancia de la colaboración interdisciplinaria. Biólogos, tecnólogos, etólogos y científicos de datos deben trabajar juntos para aprovechar al máximo las capacidades de estas herramientas avanzadas, siempre con un enfoque ético y responsable.

Conclusiones

El descubrimiento de que los elefantes africanos podrían usar nombres propios para llamarse entre ellos representa un avance significativo en nuestra comprensión de las capacidades cognitivas y comunicativas de los animales. Si bien es necesario realizar más investigaciones para confirmar estos hallazgos, el uso de la inteligencia artificial ha abierto una ventana fascinante al mundo de la comunicación animal.

Este estudio no solo tiene implicaciones científicas, sino también prácticas, en áreas como la conservación, la educación y la ética en la investigación. Al desentrañar los misterios de cómo se comunican los elefantes, podemos no solo proteger mejor a estos majestuosos animales, sino también aprender más sobre la evolución del lenguaje y la inteligencia en el reino animal.

La colaboración interdisciplinaria y el uso de tecnologías avanzadas serán cruciales en este viaje de descubrimiento, ayudándonos a comprender que la línea que separa a los humanos de otros animales puede no ser tan clara como una vez pensamos. Cada nuevo hallazgo acerca de la comunicación animal nos lleva a apreciar y respetar aún más la complejidad de la vida en nuestro planeta.

Como Miquel Llorente, del Máster en Primatología en la Universidad de Girona, resumió: “El hallazgo sugiere que el uso de etiquetas vocales arbitrarias podría estar presente en otras especies, desafiando la idea de que el lenguaje complejo sea exclusivo de los humanos.” Esta es una invitación a repensar nuestra relación con los animales y a continuar explorando las maravillas del mundo natural con mente abierta y corazón solidario.

Créditos y Agradecimientos

Este estudio ha sido posible gracias al esfuerzo colectivo de múltiples investigadores y al uso de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial. Las grabaciones analizadas abarcan más de tres décadas de observaciones en el Parque Nacional Amboseli y las Reservas Nacionales de Samburu y Buffalo Springs en Kenia. El equipo liderado por Michael Pardo ha sentado las bases para futuras investigaciones que sin duda profundizarán nuestro conocimiento sobre la comunicación animal.

Agradecimientos especiales a Miquel Llorente y Antonio J. Osuna por sus aportes y comentarios esclarecedores, así como a todos los investigadores anónimos cuyo trabajo constante y dedicado hace posibles estos descubrimientos científicos que nos acercan un paso más a la comprensión del lenguaje y la inteligencia en el reino animal.

Autor

  • Emilly Correa es licenciada en periodismo y tiene un posgrado en Marketing Digital, con especialización en Producción de Contenidos para Redes Sociales. Con experiencia en redacción publicitaria y gestión de blogs, combina su pasión por la escritura con estrategias de engagement digital. Ha trabajado en agencias de comunicación y ahora se dedica a producir artículos informativos y análisis de tendencias.

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<script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { var searchToggle = document.querySelector('.search-toggle'); var searchForm = document.querySelector('.search-form'); searchToggle.addEventListener('click', function() { if (searchForm.style.display === 'block') { searchForm.style.display = 'none'; } else { searchForm.style.display = 'block'; searchForm.querySelector('.search-input').focus(); // Focus on the input field when opened } }); // Optionally, close the search when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', function(event) { if (!searchForm.contains(event.target) && !searchToggle.contains(event.target)) { searchForm.style.display = 'none'; } }); }); </script> <!-- End of Search Form with Lupa Icon --> </nav> </div> <div class="indicator"> <div class="indicator-position js-indicator-position"></div> </div> </header> <!-- END header --> <!-- BEGIN inner --> <div class="inner"> <article id="post-38" class="post-38 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-noticias"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-lg-8 "> <div class="section section-featured js-section-featured"> <div class="card card-featured card-top m-0"> <div class="card-body"> <h1 class="card-title">Los Científicos Demuestran Que Los Elefantes Tienen Nombres Humanos</h1> <div class="card-text">Los Animales Carecen de un Lenguaje Simbólico Complejo, Pero la Inteligencia Artificial Revela su Capacidad de Emplear Nombres Propios.</div> <div class="card-author"><p>Por: <b>Emilly Correa</b> Publicado en: June 11, 2024 <!-- <a href="https://newwhorizons.com/category/noticias/" title="Noticias">Noticias</a>--> <strong>Última actualización el:</strong> August 13, 2025</p></div> </div> <div class="card-preview mt-8"> <img class="card-pic" src="https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Noticias-Los-cientificos_6_11zon.webp" alt="Main" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section section-content"> <div class="center"> <div class="content"> <div class='code-block code-block-2' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <div id="av_top_wrapper" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; min-height: 400px;"> <div> <p style="font-size: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center;"> Anúncios </p> <div id="av_top"> </div> </div> </div></div> <p>Sonidos, tacto, señales visuales e incluso químicas son las diversas formas empleadas por los animales para comunicarse. Sin embargo, la evolución todavía no les ha regalado un lenguaje simbólico complejo, algo que la Real Academia Española define como la &#8220;facultad del ser humano de expresarse y comunicarse con los demás a través del sonido articulado o de otros sistemas de signos.&#8221; Tener lenguaje implica tener capacidad simbólica y de pensamiento, un elemento que tradicionalmente ha servido a los humanos para distinguirse del resto de los animales. No obstante, este paradigma podría estar cambiando.</p> <p>Un estudio publicado recientemente en la revista <em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em> y dirigido por la Universidad de Colorado (EEUU), sugiere que los elefantes africanos salvajes son capaces de llamarse unos a otros como si tuvieran nombres propios. Este descubrimiento, de ser corroborado por futuras investigaciones, abriría la puerta a una nueva comprensión de las habilidades comunicativas de los animales y desafiaría la idea de que el lenguaje complejo es exclusivo de los humanos.</p> <h2>Un Descubrimiento Revolucionario</h2> <p>Hasta la fecha, nunca se había constatado que alguna especie no humana fuera capaz de emitir sonidos personificados para el destinatario. Sin embargo, si la inteligencia artificial no se ha equivocado, podría ser que los elefantes africanos—bajo amenaza de extinción—tengan nombres propios que desconocíamos. &#8220;Este hallazgo sugiere que el uso de etiquetas vocales arbitrarias podría estar presente en otras especies, desafiando la idea de que el lenguaje complejo sea exclusivo de los humanos,&#8221; señala Miquel Llorente, director del Máster en Primatología en la Universidad de Girona, en declaraciones al Science Media Centre (SMC).</p><div class='code-block code-block-3' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <div id="av_content_1_wrapper" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; min-height: 400px;"> <div> <p style="font-size: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center;"> Anúncios </p> <div id="av_content_1"> </div> </div> </div></div> <p>Dado que los humanos no pueden entender directamente otras formas de comunicación del reino animal, los investigadores de este estudio se valieron del machine learning o aprendizaje automático, una rama de la inteligencia artificial que permite a las máquinas aprender de datos e identificar patrones. Michael Pardo, el investigador principal del estudio, y el resto del equipo, utilizaron este método para analizar 469 grabaciones hechas entre 1986 y 2022 en el Parque Nacional Amboseli y las Reservas Nacionales de Samburu y Buffalo Springs en Kenia.</p> <p>En dichas grabaciones, se podían escuchar las llamadas o &#8220;retumbos&#8221; realizados por grupos de hembras y crías de elefante africano. Estos retumbos, que son pisotones en el suelo de baja frecuencia, podrían equivaler a nombres propios. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios: el machine learning pudo identificar a los destinatarios del 27.5% de las llamadas. Según sus autores, este porcentaje sugiere que los elefantes pueden comunicarse entre sí mediante diferentes clases de sonidos, destacando especialmente los &#8220;retumbos&#8221;.</p> <h2>Confirmación a través del Comportamiento</h2> <p>Además de identificar las llamadas, los investigadores querían comprobar si los elefantes respondían específicamente a estos sonidos. Para ello, utilizaron grandes altavoces con los que reprodujeron las grabaciones en presencia de estos mamíferos. Compararon las reacciones de 17 elefantes y verificaron que eran capaces de reconocer las llamadas individuales que se les dirigían, mostrando comportamientos específicos hacia ellas.</p><div class='code-block code-block-4' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <div id="av_content_2_wrapper" align="center" style="width: 100%; margin-top: 2rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; min-height: 400px;"> <div> <p style="font-size: 10px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center;"> Anúncios </p> <div id="av_content_2"> </div> </div> </div></div> <p>Sin embargo, otras voces expertas son cautelosas y sostienen que los datos de esta investigación no bastan para afirmar que los elefantes tienen una capacidad comunicativa mínimamente comparable a la humana. &#8220;Lo que realmente presentan los resultados es alguna evidencia de que el emisor—elefante—utilizó una variante de llamada similar a la del receptor. Es decir, imitación,&#8221; apunta Kurt Hammerschmidt, especialista en comunicación vocal del Centro Alemán de Estudios sobre Primates en Gotinga, en declaraciones al SMC.</p> <h2>Entre la Imitación y la Innovación</h2> <p>Lo que este experto sugiere es que los elefantes africanos podrían estar utilizando un lenguaje basado en la imitación, similar al observado en otras especies como los loros y los delfines. Estas especies son conocidas por copiar los sonidos que hacen normalmente los destinatarios de su misma especie para llamar su atención. Aunque esta capacidad de imitación es impresionante, no se compara directamente con el lenguaje simbólico humano.</p> <p>Una cosa parece clara: hay un largo camino por recorrer para entender el lenguaje animal. &#8220;Sabemos muy poco de la comunicación en animales y esto se debe en parte a que no somos sensibles a las múltiples sutilezas que las vocalizaciones de otras especies pueden contener,&#8221; señala Antonio J. Osuna, investigador especialista en cognición animal de la Universidad de Medicina Veterinaria de Austria.</p> <p>La constatación de que los elefantes pueden usar etiquetas vocales para comunicarse ofrece muchas oportunidades para profundizar en el estudio de la evolución de la cultura, el lenguaje y el comportamiento social. Según Osuna, que los elefantes usen nombres propios de la forma más cercana a como lo hacemos nosotros, podría abrir todo un campo de investigación en el que queda mucho por aprender.</p> <h2>El Papel de la Inteligencia Artificial</h2> <p>La habilidad de la inteligencia artificial para identificar estos patrones complejos en la comunicación animal no debe subestimarse. El machine learning y otras tecnologías avanzadas están revolucionando la biología y la zoología, permitiendo descubrimientos que antes eran impensables o requerían años de observación meticulosa. En este contexto, la inteligencia artificial se convierte en una herramienta esencial para descifrar los matices de la comunicación animal y podría tener implicaciones en numerosos campos de estudio, desde la ecología hasta la antropología.</p> <p>Por ejemplo, el uso de tecnologías avanzadas para analizar vocalizaciones animales no solo nos ayuda a entender sus comunicaciones, sino que también podría ofrecer pistas sobre la conservación de especies en peligro. Al comprender mejor cómo los elefantes se comunican, los científicos pueden desarrollar estrategias de conservación más efectivas que tengan en cuenta sus necesidades sociales y emocionales.</p> <h2>Futuras Direcciones en la Investigación</h2> <p>La aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en el estudio de la comunicación animal abre nuevas posibilidades para la investigación futura. Si bien los resultados actuales son prometedores, es esencial que se realicen estudios adicionales para confirmar y expandir estos hallazgos. Esto podría incluir la recopilación de más datos de diferentes poblaciones de elefantes y la aplicación de algoritmos de machine learning más avanzados para aumentar la precisión de la identificación de llamadas.</p> <p>Además, sería valioso llevar a cabo estudios comparativos con otras especies conocidas por sus habilidades de comunicación avanzadas. Esto no solo ayudaría a validar los métodos utilizados, sino que también podría proporcionar una visión más amplia de cómo el lenguaje y la comunicación han evolucionado en el reino animal.</p> <h2>Implicaciones para la Conservación</h2> <p>El entendimiento de la comunicación elefantina tiene implicaciones significativas para su conservación. Los elefantes africanos están bajo amenaza de extinción debido a la caza furtiva y la pérdida de hábitat. Al comprender mejor sus interacciones sociales y comunicativas,los esfuerzos de conservación pueden adaptarse para proteger no solo a los individuos, sino también las estructuras sociales complejas de las manadas. Por ejemplo, las estrategias de reubicación de elefantes, que a veces son necesarias para reducir los conflictos humanos-fauna, podrían considerar más cuidadosamente las relaciones sociales y las dinámicas de grupo de los animales reubicados.</p> <h2>Educar y Sensibilizar al Público</h2> <p>La comprensión de la inteligencia y las habilidades de comunicación de los elefantes puede utilizarse para educar al público y sensibilizar sobre la importancia de su conservación. Documentales, artículos de divulgación científica y programas educativos pueden mostrar cómo los elefantes poseen una sofisticada red de comunicación, similar en algunos aspectos al lenguaje humano, lo cual puede aumentar el apoyo a los esfuerzos de conservación.</p> <h2>La Evolución de la Comunicación Animal</h2> <p>Este estudio también nos invita a reflexionar sobre cómo podría haber evolucionado la comunicación compleja en otras especies. La presencia de lo que podría ser un sistema de nombres propios entre los elefantes sugiere que las capacidades de comunicación avanzada pueden no ser exclusivas de los humanos y podrían haber evolucionado en paralelo en otras especies. Esto nos lleva a reevaluar la inteligencia animal y nos recuerda que los humanos no somos los únicos que poseemos habilidades cognitivas complejas.</p> <p>Además, la investigación sobre la comunicación animal y el uso de la inteligencia artificial podría inspirar nuevos enfoques en el estudio de la evolución del lenguaje humano. Al comparar y contrastar las formas de comunicación encontradas en otras especies con las nuestras, podemos entender mejor las características únicas y compartidas de nuestro propio lenguaje.</p> <h2>La Ética de la Investigación Animal</h2> <p>Con el poder creciente de la inteligencia artificial y el aprendizaje automático, surge también la cuestión ética sobre el uso de estas tecnologías en la investigación animal. Es vital asegurar que estos estudios se llevan a cabo de manera responsable y que los animales no son sometidos a estrés innecesario. También, los datos y hallazgos deben ser tratados con respeto, reconociendo la complejidad y la importancia de las vidas animales.</p> <p>Por último, el papel de la inteligencia artificial en la investigación animal nos recuerda la importancia de la colaboración interdisciplinaria. Biólogos, tecnólogos, etólogos y científicos de datos deben trabajar juntos para aprovechar al máximo las capacidades de estas herramientas avanzadas, siempre con un enfoque ético y responsable.</p> <h2>Conclusiones</h2> <p>El descubrimiento de que los elefantes africanos podrían usar nombres propios para llamarse entre ellos representa un avance significativo en nuestra comprensión de las capacidades cognitivas y comunicativas de los animales. Si bien es necesario realizar más investigaciones para confirmar estos hallazgos, el uso de la inteligencia artificial ha abierto una ventana fascinante al mundo de la comunicación animal.</p> <p>Este estudio no solo tiene implicaciones científicas, sino también prácticas, en áreas como la conservación, la educación y la ética en la investigación. Al desentrañar los misterios de cómo se comunican los elefantes, podemos no solo proteger mejor a estos majestuosos animales, sino también aprender más sobre la evolución del lenguaje y la inteligencia en el reino animal.</p> <p>La colaboración interdisciplinaria y el uso de tecnologías avanzadas serán cruciales en este viaje de descubrimiento, ayudándonos a comprender que la línea que separa a los humanos de otros animales puede no ser tan clara como una vez pensamos. Cada nuevo hallazgo acerca de la comunicación animal nos lleva a apreciar y respetar aún más la complejidad de la vida en nuestro planeta.</p> <p>Como Miquel Llorente, del Máster en Primatología en la Universidad de Girona, resumió: &#8220;El hallazgo sugiere que el uso de etiquetas vocales arbitrarias podría estar presente en otras especies, desafiando la idea de que el lenguaje complejo sea exclusivo de los humanos.&#8221; Esta es una invitación a repensar nuestra relación con los animales y a continuar explorando las maravillas del mundo natural con mente abierta y corazón solidario.</p> <h2>Créditos y Agradecimientos</h2> <p>Este estudio ha sido posible gracias al esfuerzo colectivo de múltiples investigadores y al uso de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial. Las grabaciones analizadas abarcan más de tres décadas de observaciones en el Parque Nacional Amboseli y las Reservas Nacionales de Samburu y Buffalo Springs en Kenia. El equipo liderado por Michael Pardo ha sentado las bases para futuras investigaciones que sin duda profundizarán nuestro conocimiento sobre la comunicación animal.</p> <p>Agradecimientos especiales a Miquel Llorente y Antonio J. Osuna por sus aportes y comentarios esclarecedores, así como a todos los investigadores anónimos cuyo trabajo constante y dedicado hace posibles estos descubrimientos científicos que nos acercan un paso más a la comprensión del lenguaje y la inteligencia en el reino animal.</p> <!--begin code --> <div class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-boxed multiple-authors-target-the-content box-post-id-317 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_317" data-post_id="317" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-boxed.multiple-authors-target-the-content" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-317 box-instance-id-1"> <h2 class="widget-title box-header-title">Autor</h2> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <div class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <ul class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul author-ul-0"> <li class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-li author_index_0 author_emilly has-avatar"> <div class="pp-author-boxes-avatar"> <div class="avatar-image"> <img alt='' src='https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Emilly_Correa.jpg' srcset='https://newwhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Emilly_Correa.jpg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='80' width='80'/> </div> </div> <div class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <div class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://newwhorizons.com/author/emilly/" rel="author" title="Emilly Correa" class="author url fn">Emilly Correa</a></div> <p class="pp-author-boxes-description multiple-authors-description author-description-0"> Emilly Correa es licenciada en periodismo y tiene un posgrado en Marketing Digital, con especialización en Producción de Contenidos para Redes Sociales. 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]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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([E|M]10|M8))\\b|Maxwell.*Lite|Maxwell.*Plus",HuaweiTablet:"MediaPad|MediaPad 7 Youth|IDEOS S7|S7-201c|S7-202u|S7-101|S7-103|S7-104|S7-105|S7-106|S7-201|S7-Slim|M2-A01L|BAH-L09|BAH-W09|AGS-L09|CMR-AL19",NecTablet:"\\bN-06D|\\bN-08D",PantechTablet:"Pantech.*P4100",BronchoTablet:"Broncho.*(N701|N708|N802|a710)",VersusTablet:"TOUCHPAD.*[78910]|\\bTOUCHTAB\\b",ZyncTablet:"z1000|Z99 2G|z930|z990|z909|Z919|z900",PositivoTablet:"TB07STA|TB10STA|TB07FTA|TB10FTA",NabiTablet:"Android.*\\bNabi",KoboTablet:"Kobo Touch|\\bK080\\b|\\bVox\\b Build|\\bArc\\b 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 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\\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW 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Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i, shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i,tabletPattern:/android|ipad|playbook|silk/i};var h,i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;return g.FALLBACK_PHONE="UnknownPhone",g.FALLBACK_TABLET="UnknownTablet",g.FALLBACK_MOBILE="UnknownMobile",h="isArray"in Array?Array.isArray:function(a){return"[object Array]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(a)},function(){var a,b,c,e,f,j,k=g.mobileDetectRules;for(a in k.props)if(i.call(k.props,a)){for(b=k.props[a],h(b)||(b=[b]),f=b.length,e=0;e<f;++e)c=b[e],j=c.indexOf("[VER]"),j>=0&&(c=c.substring(0,j)+"([\\w._\\+]+)"+c.substring(j+5)),b[e]=new RegExp(c,"i");k.props[a]=b}d(k.oss),d(k.phones),d(k.tablets),d(k.uas),d(k.utils),k.oss0={WindowsPhoneOS:k.oss.WindowsPhoneOS,WindowsMobileOS:k.oss.WindowsMobileOS}}(),g.findMatch=function(a,b){for(var c in a)if(i.call(a,c)&&a[c].test(b))return c;return null},g.findMatches=function(a,b){var c=[];for(var d in a)i.call(a,d)&&a[d].test(b)&&c.push(d);return c},g.getVersionStr=function(a,b){var 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